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postgresql-9.2.24 /
html /
[ HOME SHELL ]
Name
Size
Permission
Action
LEGALNOTICE.html
2.62
KB
-rw-r--r--
acronyms.html
15.9
KB
-rw-r--r--
admin.html
12.27
KB
-rw-r--r--
adminpack.html
7.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-clusterdb.html
10.35
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-createdb.html
12.55
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-createlang.html
9.67
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-createuser.html
15.27
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-dropdb.html
9.42
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-droplang.html
9.41
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-dropuser.html
9.37
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-ecpg.html
8.51
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-initdb.html
15.04
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-pg-ctl.html
21.93
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-pg-dumpall.html
20.22
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-pgbasebackup.html
19.37
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-pgconfig.html
10.83
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-pgcontroldata.html
3.89
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-pgdump.html
42.93
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-pgreceivexlog.html
10.8
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-pgresetxlog.html
11.29
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-pgrestore.html
29.56
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-postgres.html
31.08
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-postmaster.html
2.93
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-psql.html
135.62
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-reindexdb.html
11.02
KB
-rw-r--r--
app-vacuumdb.html
12.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
appendixes.html
25.71
KB
-rw-r--r--
applevel-consistency.html
10.07
KB
-rw-r--r--
archive-recovery-settings.html
7.17
KB
-rw-r--r--
arrays.html
27.42
KB
-rw-r--r--
auth-delay.html
3.69
KB
-rw-r--r--
auth-methods.html
35.35
KB
-rw-r--r--
auth-pg-hba-conf.html
29.06
KB
-rw-r--r--
auth-username-maps.html
8.4
KB
-rw-r--r--
auto-explain.html
9.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
backup-dump.html
15.55
KB
-rw-r--r--
backup-file.html
7.81
KB
-rw-r--r--
backup.html
4.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
biblio.html
11.28
KB
-rw-r--r--
bki-commands.html
9.42
KB
-rw-r--r--
bki-example.html
2.98
KB
-rw-r--r--
bki-format.html
3.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
bki-structure.html
4.22
KB
-rw-r--r--
bki.html
4.23
KB
-rw-r--r--
bookindex.html
237.47
KB
-rw-r--r--
btree-gin.html
4.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
btree-gist.html
6.72
KB
-rw-r--r--
bug-reporting.html
18.21
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-aggregate.html
5.37
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-am.html
10.3
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-amop.html
7.42
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-amproc.html
4.77
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-attrdef.html
4.26
KB
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catalog-pg-attribute.html
10.05
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-auth-members.html
4.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-authid.html
6.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-cast.html
6.79
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-class.html
12.36
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-collation.html
5.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-constraint.html
11.31
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-conversion.html
4.33
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-database.html
6.86
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-db-role-setting.htm...
3.97
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-default-acl.html
5.14
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-depend.html
8.43
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-description.html
4.37
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-enum.html
4.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-extension.html
5.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-foreign-data-wrappe...
4.83
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-foreign-server.html
4.58
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-foreign-table.html
3.94
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-index.html
8.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-inherits.html
3.8
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-language.html
5.81
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-largeobject-metadat...
3.54
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-largeobject.html
5.03
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-namespace.html
3.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-opclass.html
5.73
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-operator.html
6.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-opfamily.html
4.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-pltemplate.html
5.24
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-proc.html
13.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-range.html
5.06
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-rewrite.html
5.26
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-seclabel.html
4.41
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-shdepend.html
6.88
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-shdescription.html
4.15
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-shseclabel.html
4.3
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-statistic.html
9.31
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-tablespace.html
4.06
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-trigger.html
8.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-ts-config-map.html
4.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-ts-config.html
4.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-ts-dict.html
4.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-ts-parser.html
4.96
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-ts-template.html
4.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-type.html
19.44
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalog-pg-user-mapping.html
3.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalogs-overview.html
10.19
KB
-rw-r--r--
catalogs.html
10.14
KB
-rw-r--r--
charset.html
4.06
KB
-rw-r--r--
chkpass.html
4.29
KB
-rw-r--r--
citext.html
10.89
KB
-rw-r--r--
client-authentication-problems...
4.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
client-authentication.html
5.78
KB
-rw-r--r--
client-interfaces.html
13.4
KB
-rw-r--r--
collation.html
13.89
KB
-rw-r--r--
config-setting.html
10.88
KB
-rw-r--r--
connect-estab.html
4.21
KB
-rw-r--r--
continuous-archiving.html
48.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-build-sql-delet...
5.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-build-sql-inser...
5.91
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-build-sql-updat...
6.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-cancel-query.ht...
3.73
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-close.html
4.54
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-connect-u.html
4.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-connect.html
7.15
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-disconnect.html
3.63
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-error-message.h...
3.43
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-exec.html
5.34
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-fetch.html
5.84
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-function.html
8.43
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-get-connections...
3.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-get-notify.html
4.07
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-get-pkey.html
4.39
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-get-result.html
6.8
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-is-busy.html
3.41
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-open.html
5.34
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-dblink-send-query.html
4.07
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-prog-client.html
3.35
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-prog-server.html
3.75
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-prog.html
3.24
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib-spi.html
10.97
KB
-rw-r--r--
contrib.html
8.7
KB
-rw-r--r--
creating-cluster.html
12.17
KB
-rw-r--r--
cube.html
15.57
KB
-rw-r--r--
database-roles.html
5.95
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-binary.html
12.59
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-bit.html
4.98
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-boolean.html
5.14
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-character.html
11.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-datetime.html
49.57
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-enum.html
6.28
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-geometric.html
12.21
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-json.html
3.36
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-money.html
5.35
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-net-types.html
10.18
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-numeric.html
21.83
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-oid.html
9.46
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-pseudo.html
7.11
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-textsearch.html
9.8
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-uuid.html
4.45
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype-xml.html
11.07
KB
-rw-r--r--
datatype.html
16.22
KB
-rw-r--r--
datetime-appendix.html
3.44
KB
-rw-r--r--
datetime-config-files.html
8.77
KB
-rw-r--r--
datetime-input-rules.html
6.6
KB
-rw-r--r--
datetime-keywords.html
4.98
KB
-rw-r--r--
datetime-units-history.html
7.46
KB
-rw-r--r--
dblink.html
5.2
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl-alter.html
10.25
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl-basics.html
7.63
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl-constraints.html
22.26
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl-default.html
4.43
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl-depend.html
6.35
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl-foreign-data.html
4.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl-inherit.html
14.95
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl-others.html
3.01
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl-partitioning.html
27.11
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl-priv.html
5.92
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl-schemas.html
17.62
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl-system-columns.html
7.86
KB
-rw-r--r--
ddl.html
6.23
KB
-rw-r--r--
dict-int.html
4.68
KB
-rw-r--r--
dict-xsyn.html
6.33
KB
-rw-r--r--
different-replication-solution...
14.45
KB
-rw-r--r--
disk-full.html
3.43
KB
-rw-r--r--
disk-usage.html
5.53
KB
-rw-r--r--
diskusage.html
2.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
dml-delete.html
3.48
KB
-rw-r--r--
dml-insert.html
5.67
KB
-rw-r--r--
dml-returning.html
4.98
KB
-rw-r--r--
dml-update.html
5.43
KB
-rw-r--r--
dml.html
2.88
KB
-rw-r--r--
docguide-authoring.html
6.6
KB
-rw-r--r--
docguide-build.html
14.92
KB
-rw-r--r--
docguide-docbook.html
3.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
docguide-style.html
7.25
KB
-rw-r--r--
docguide-toolsets.html
20.2
KB
-rw-r--r--
docguide.html
3.54
KB
-rw-r--r--
dummy-seclabel.html
4.26
KB
-rw-r--r--
dynamic-trace.html
26.6
KB
-rw-r--r--
earthdistance.html
8.6
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-commands.html
9.3
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-concept.html
4.86
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-connect.html
10.57
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-cpp.html
9.4
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-descriptors.html
34.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-develop.html
7.78
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-dynamic.html
6.36
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-errors.html
25.13
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-informix-compat.html
51.52
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-library.html
5.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-lo.html
5.4
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-pgtypes.html
53.18
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-preproc.html
8.77
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-process.html
5.26
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-allocate-descriptor.h...
3.89
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-commands.html
4.59
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-connect.html
9.16
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-deallocate-descriptor...
3.68
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-declare.html
5.27
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-describe.html
4.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-disconnect.html
4.62
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-execute-immediate.htm...
3.79
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-get-descriptor.html
7.53
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-open.html
4.53
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-prepare.html
4.08
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-set-autocommit.html
3.25
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-set-connection.html
3.84
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-set-descriptor.html
5.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-type.html
4.91
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-var.html
3.46
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-sql-whenever.html
4.58
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg-variables.html
39.34
KB
-rw-r--r--
ecpg.html
10.1
KB
-rw-r--r--
encryption-options.html
7.32
KB
-rw-r--r--
errcodes-appendix.html
36.1
KB
-rw-r--r--
error-message-reporting.html
13.79
KB
-rw-r--r--
error-style-guide.html
16.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
event-log-registration.html
4.09
KB
-rw-r--r--
executor.html
6.46
KB
-rw-r--r--
explicit-joins.html
10.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
explicit-locking.html
24.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
extend-extensions.html
31.67
KB
-rw-r--r--
extend-how.html
4.45
KB
-rw-r--r--
extend-pgxs.html
11.49
KB
-rw-r--r--
extend-type-system.html
9.87
KB
-rw-r--r--
extend.html
9.75
KB
-rw-r--r--
external-admin-tools.html
2.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
external-extensions.html
3.19
KB
-rw-r--r--
external-interfaces.html
5.38
KB
-rw-r--r--
external-pl.html
4.56
KB
-rw-r--r--
external-projects.html
2.93
KB
-rw-r--r--
fdw-callbacks.html
12.6
KB
-rw-r--r--
fdw-functions.html
4.39
KB
-rw-r--r--
fdw-helpers.html
5.85
KB
-rw-r--r--
fdw-planning.html
9.61
KB
-rw-r--r--
fdwhandler.html
3.9
KB
-rw-r--r--
features-sql-standard.html
38.19
KB
-rw-r--r--
features.html
7.39
KB
-rw-r--r--
file-fdw.html
7.53
KB
-rw-r--r--
functions-admin.html
49.21
KB
-rw-r--r--
functions-aggregate.html
21.3
KB
-rw-r--r--
functions-array.html
13.2
KB
-rw-r--r--
functions-binarystring.html
12.29
KB
-rw-r--r--
functions-bitstring.html
6.63
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-rw-r--r--
functions-comparison.html
10.39
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-rw-r--r--
functions-comparisons.html
13.21
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-rw-r--r--
functions-conditional.html
10.75
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-rw-r--r--
functions-datetime.html
47.17
KB
-rw-r--r--
functions-enum.html
5.36
KB
-rw-r--r--
functions-formatting.html
34.57
KB
-rw-r--r--
functions-geometry.html
19.87
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-rw-r--r--
functions-info.html
57.28
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-rw-r--r--
functions-json.html
3.72
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-rw-r--r--
functions-logical.html
4.56
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-rw-r--r--
functions-matching.html
73.95
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functions-math.html
19.92
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functions-net.html
13.19
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-rw-r--r--
functions-range.html
10.6
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-rw-r--r--
functions-sequence.html
12.62
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-rw-r--r--
functions-srf.html
8.63
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functions-string.html
57.67
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functions-subquery.html
16
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functions-textsearch.html
20.01
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functions-trigger.html
4.44
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functions-window.html
11.8
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functions-xml.html
31.42
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-rw-r--r--
functions.html
9.71
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-rw-r--r--
fuzzystrmatch.html
7.87
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-rw-r--r--
geqo-biblio.html
3.38
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-rw-r--r--
geqo-intro.html
4.31
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-rw-r--r--
geqo-intro2.html
5.5
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-rw-r--r--
geqo-pg-intro.html
8.58
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-rw-r--r--
geqo.html
3.53
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-rw-r--r--
gin-examples.html
3.24
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-rw-r--r--
gin-extensibility.html
14.06
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-rw-r--r--
gin-implementation.html
6.41
KB
-rw-r--r--
gin-intro.html
4.55
KB
-rw-r--r--
gin-limit.html
2.75
KB
-rw-r--r--
gin-tips.html
5.58
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-rw-r--r--
gin.html
2.86
KB
-rw-r--r--
gist-examples.html
3.66
KB
-rw-r--r--
gist-extensibility.html
23.78
KB
-rw-r--r--
gist-implementation.html
4
KB
-rw-r--r--
gist-intro.html
3.53
KB
-rw-r--r--
gist.html
2.62
KB
-rw-r--r--
git.html
4.46
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-rw-r--r--
high-availability.html
7.52
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-rw-r--r--
history.html
11.64
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-rw-r--r--
hot-standby.html
35.2
KB
-rw-r--r--
hstore.html
22.1
KB
-rw-r--r--
index-catalog.html
7.81
KB
-rw-r--r--
index-cost-estimation.html
9.76
KB
-rw-r--r--
index-functions.html
18.67
KB
-rw-r--r--
index-locking.html
7.86
KB
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <HTML ><HEAD ><TITLE >Composite Types</TITLE ><META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK REV="MADE" HREF="mailto:pgsql-docs@postgresql.org"><LINK REL="HOME" TITLE="PostgreSQL 9.2.24 Documentation" HREF="index.html"><LINK REL="UP" TITLE="Data Types" HREF="datatype.html"><LINK REL="PREVIOUS" TITLE="Arrays" HREF="arrays.html"><LINK REL="NEXT" TITLE="Range Types" HREF="rangetypes.html"><LINK REL="STYLESHEET" TYPE="text/css" HREF="stylesheet.css"><META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><META NAME="creation" CONTENT="2017-11-06T22:43:11"></HEAD ><BODY CLASS="SECT1" ><DIV CLASS="NAVHEADER" ><TABLE SUMMARY="Header navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TH COLSPAN="5" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" ><A HREF="index.html" >PostgreSQL 9.2.24 Documentation</A ></TH ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Arrays" HREF="arrays.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" >Chapter 8. Data Types</TD ><TD WIDTH="20%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Range Types" HREF="rangetypes.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ></TABLE ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT1" ><H1 CLASS="SECT1" ><A NAME="ROWTYPES" >8.16. Composite Types</A ></H1 ><P > A <I CLASS="FIRSTTERM" >composite type</I > represents the structure of a row or record; it is essentially just a list of field names and their data types. <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > allows composite types to be used in many of the same ways that simple types can be used. For example, a column of a table can be declared to be of a composite type. </P ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="ROWTYPES-DECLARING" >8.16.1. Declaration of Composite Types</A ></H2 ><P > Here are two simple examples of defining composite types: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >CREATE TYPE complex AS ( r double precision, i double precision ); CREATE TYPE inventory_item AS ( name text, supplier_id integer, price numeric );</PRE ><P> The syntax is comparable to <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >CREATE TABLE</TT >, except that only field names and types can be specified; no constraints (such as <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >NOT NULL</TT >) can presently be included. Note that the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >AS</TT > keyword is essential; without it, the system will think a different kind of <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >CREATE TYPE</TT > command is meant, and you will get odd syntax errors. </P ><P > Having defined the types, we can use them to create tables: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >CREATE TABLE on_hand ( item inventory_item, count integer ); INSERT INTO on_hand VALUES (ROW('fuzzy dice', 42, 1.99), 1000);</PRE ><P> or functions: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >CREATE FUNCTION price_extension(inventory_item, integer) RETURNS numeric AS 'SELECT $1.price * $2' LANGUAGE SQL; SELECT price_extension(item, 10) FROM on_hand;</PRE ><P> </P ><P > Whenever you create a table, a composite type is also automatically created, with the same name as the table, to represent the table's row type. For example, had we said: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >CREATE TABLE inventory_item ( name text, supplier_id integer REFERENCES suppliers, price numeric CHECK (price > 0) );</PRE ><P> then the same <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >inventory_item</TT > composite type shown above would come into being as a byproduct, and could be used just as above. Note however an important restriction of the current implementation: since no constraints are associated with a composite type, the constraints shown in the table definition <SPAN CLASS="emphasis" ><I CLASS="EMPHASIS" >do not apply</I ></SPAN > to values of the composite type outside the table. (A partial workaround is to use domain types as members of composite types.) </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="AEN7422" >8.16.2. Constructing Composite Values</A ></H2 ><P > To write a composite value as a literal constant, enclose the field values within parentheses and separate them by commas. You can put double quotes around any field value, and must do so if it contains commas or parentheses. (More details appear <A HREF="rowtypes.html#ROWTYPES-IO-SYNTAX" >below</A >.) Thus, the general format of a composite constant is the following: </P><PRE CLASS="SYNOPSIS" >'( <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >val1</I ></TT > , <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >val2</I ></TT > , ... )'</PRE ><P> An example is: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >'("fuzzy dice",42,1.99)'</PRE ><P> which would be a valid value of the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >inventory_item</TT > type defined above. To make a field be NULL, write no characters at all in its position in the list. For example, this constant specifies a NULL third field: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >'("fuzzy dice",42,)'</PRE ><P> If you want an empty string rather than NULL, write double quotes: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >'("",42,)'</PRE ><P> Here the first field is a non-NULL empty string, the third is NULL. </P ><P > (These constants are actually only a special case of the generic type constants discussed in <A HREF="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-CONSTANTS-GENERIC" >Section 4.1.2.7</A >. The constant is initially treated as a string and passed to the composite-type input conversion routine. An explicit type specification might be necessary to tell which type to convert the constant to.) </P ><P > The <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ROW</TT > expression syntax can also be used to construct composite values. In most cases this is considerably simpler to use than the string-literal syntax since you don't have to worry about multiple layers of quoting. We already used this method above: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >ROW('fuzzy dice', 42, 1.99) ROW('', 42, NULL)</PRE ><P> The ROW keyword is actually optional as long as you have more than one field in the expression, so these can be simplified to: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >('fuzzy dice', 42, 1.99) ('', 42, NULL)</PRE ><P> The <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ROW</TT > expression syntax is discussed in more detail in <A HREF="sql-expressions.html#SQL-SYNTAX-ROW-CONSTRUCTORS" >Section 4.2.13</A >. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="ROWTYPES-ACCESSING" >8.16.3. Accessing Composite Types</A ></H2 ><P > To access a field of a composite column, one writes a dot and the field name, much like selecting a field from a table name. In fact, it's so much like selecting from a table name that you often have to use parentheses to keep from confusing the parser. For example, you might try to select some subfields from our <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >on_hand</TT > example table with something like: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT item.name FROM on_hand WHERE item.price > 9.99;</PRE ><P> This will not work since the name <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >item</TT > is taken to be a table name, not a column name of <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >on_hand</TT >, per SQL syntax rules. You must write it like this: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT (item).name FROM on_hand WHERE (item).price > 9.99;</PRE ><P> or if you need to use the table name as well (for instance in a multitable query), like this: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT (on_hand.item).name FROM on_hand WHERE (on_hand.item).price > 9.99;</PRE ><P> Now the parenthesized object is correctly interpreted as a reference to the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >item</TT > column, and then the subfield can be selected from it. </P ><P > Similar syntactic issues apply whenever you select a field from a composite value. For instance, to select just one field from the result of a function that returns a composite value, you'd need to write something like: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT (my_func(...)).field FROM ...</PRE ><P> Without the extra parentheses, this will generate a syntax error. </P ><P > The special field name <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >*</TT > means <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"all fields"</SPAN >, as further explained in <A HREF="rowtypes.html#ROWTYPES-USAGE" >Section 8.16.5</A >. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="AEN7460" >8.16.4. Modifying Composite Types</A ></H2 ><P > Here are some examples of the proper syntax for inserting and updating composite columns. First, inserting or updating a whole column: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >INSERT INTO mytab (complex_col) VALUES((1.1,2.2)); UPDATE mytab SET complex_col = ROW(1.1,2.2) WHERE ...;</PRE ><P> The first example omits <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ROW</TT >, the second uses it; we could have done it either way. </P ><P > We can update an individual subfield of a composite column: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >UPDATE mytab SET complex_col.r = (complex_col).r + 1 WHERE ...;</PRE ><P> Notice here that we don't need to (and indeed cannot) put parentheses around the column name appearing just after <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >SET</TT >, but we do need parentheses when referencing the same column in the expression to the right of the equal sign. </P ><P > And we can specify subfields as targets for <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >INSERT</TT >, too: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >INSERT INTO mytab (complex_col.r, complex_col.i) VALUES(1.1, 2.2);</PRE ><P> Had we not supplied values for all the subfields of the column, the remaining subfields would have been filled with null values. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="ROWTYPES-USAGE" >8.16.5. Using Composite Types in Queries</A ></H2 ><P > There are various special syntax rules and behaviors associated with composite types in queries. These rules provide useful shortcuts, but can be confusing if you don't know the logic behind them. </P ><P > In <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN >, a reference to a table name (or alias) in a query is effectively a reference to the composite value of the table's current row. For example, if we had a table <TT CLASS="STRUCTNAME" >inventory_item</TT > as shown <A HREF="rowtypes.html#ROWTYPES-DECLARING" >above</A >, we could write: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT c FROM inventory_item c;</PRE ><P> This query produces a single composite-valued column, so we might get output like: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" > c ------------------------ ("fuzzy dice",42,1.99) (1 row)</PRE ><P> Note however that simple names are matched to column names before table names, so this example works only because there is no column named <TT CLASS="STRUCTFIELD" >c</TT > in the query's tables. </P ><P > The ordinary qualified-column-name syntax <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >table_name</I ></TT ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >.</TT ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >column_name</I ></TT > can be understood as applying <A HREF="sql-expressions.html#FIELD-SELECTION" >field selection</A > to the composite value of the table's current row. (For efficiency reasons, it's not actually implemented that way.) </P ><P > When we write </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT c.* FROM inventory_item c;</PRE ><P> then, according to the SQL standard, we should get the contents of the table expanded into separate columns: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" > name | supplier_id | price ------------+-------------+------- fuzzy dice | 42 | 1.99 (1 row)</PRE ><P> as if the query were </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT c.name, c.supplier_id, c.price FROM inventory_item c;</PRE ><P> <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > will apply this expansion behavior to any composite-valued expression, although as shown <A HREF="rowtypes.html#ROWTYPES-ACCESSING" >above</A >, you need to write parentheses around the value that <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >.*</TT > is applied to whenever it's not a simple table name. For example, if <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >myfunc()</CODE > is a function returning a composite type with columns <TT CLASS="STRUCTFIELD" >a</TT >, <TT CLASS="STRUCTFIELD" >b</TT >, and <TT CLASS="STRUCTFIELD" >c</TT >, then these two queries have the same result: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT (myfunc(x)).* FROM some_table; SELECT (myfunc(x)).a, (myfunc(x)).b, (myfunc(x)).c FROM some_table;</PRE ><P> </P ><DIV CLASS="TIP" ><BLOCKQUOTE CLASS="TIP" ><P ><B >Tip: </B > <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > handles column expansion by actually transforming the first form into the second. So, in this example, <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >myfunc()</CODE > would get invoked three times per row with either syntax. If it's an expensive function you may wish to avoid that, which you can do with a query like: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT (m).* FROM (SELECT myfunc(x) AS m FROM some_table OFFSET 0) ss;</PRE ><P> The <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >OFFSET 0</TT > clause keeps the optimizer from <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"flattening"</SPAN > the sub-select to arrive at the form with multiple calls of <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >myfunc()</CODE >. </P ></BLOCKQUOTE ></DIV ><P > The <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >composite_value</I ></TT ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >.*</TT > syntax results in column expansion of this kind when it appears at the top level of a <A HREF="queries-select-lists.html" ><TT CLASS="COMMAND" >SELECT</TT > output list</A >, a <A HREF="dml-returning.html" ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >RETURNING</TT > list</A > in <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >INSERT</TT >/<TT CLASS="COMMAND" >UPDATE</TT >/<TT CLASS="COMMAND" >DELETE</TT >, a <A HREF="queries-values.html" ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >VALUES</TT > clause</A >, or a <A HREF="sql-expressions.html#SQL-SYNTAX-ROW-CONSTRUCTORS" >row constructor</A >. In all other contexts (including when nested inside one of those constructs), attaching <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >.*</TT > to a composite value does not change the value, since it means <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"all columns"</SPAN > and so the same composite value is produced again. For example, if <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >somefunc()</CODE > accepts a composite-valued argument, these queries are the same: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT somefunc(c.*) FROM inventory_item c; SELECT somefunc(c) FROM inventory_item c;</PRE ><P> In both cases, the current row of <TT CLASS="STRUCTNAME" >inventory_item</TT > is passed to the function as a single composite-valued argument. Even though <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >.*</TT > does nothing in such cases, using it is good style, since it makes clear that a composite value is intended. In particular, the parser will consider <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >c</TT > in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >c.*</TT > to refer to a table name or alias, not to a column name, so that there is no ambiguity; whereas without <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >.*</TT >, it is not clear whether <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >c</TT > means a table name or a column name, and in fact the column-name interpretation will be preferred if there is a column named <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >c</TT >. </P ><P > Another example demonstrating these concepts is that all these queries mean the same thing: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT * FROM inventory_item c ORDER BY c; SELECT * FROM inventory_item c ORDER BY c.*; SELECT * FROM inventory_item c ORDER BY ROW(c.*);</PRE ><P> All of these <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ORDER BY</TT > clauses specify the row's composite value. However, if <TT CLASS="STRUCTNAME" >inventory_item</TT > contained a column named <TT CLASS="STRUCTFIELD" >c</TT >, the first case would be different from the others, as it would mean to sort by that column only. Given the column names previously shown, these queries are also equivalent to those above: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT * FROM inventory_item c ORDER BY ROW(c.name, c.supplier_id, c.price); SELECT * FROM inventory_item c ORDER BY (c.name, c.supplier_id, c.price);</PRE ><P> (The last case uses a row constructor with the key word <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ROW</TT > omitted.) </P ><P > Another special syntactical behavior associated with composite values is that we can use <I CLASS="FIRSTTERM" >functional notation</I > for extracting a field of a composite value. The simple way to explain this is that the notations <TT CLASS="LITERAL" ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >field</I ></TT >(<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >table</I ></TT >)</TT > and <TT CLASS="LITERAL" ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >table</I ></TT >.<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >field</I ></TT ></TT > are interchangeable. For example, these queries are equivalent: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT c.name FROM inventory_item c WHERE c.price > 1000; SELECT name(c) FROM inventory_item c WHERE price(c) > 1000;</PRE ><P> Moreover, if we have a function that accepts a single argument of a composite type, we can call it with either notation. These queries are all equivalent: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >SELECT somefunc(c) FROM inventory_item c; SELECT somefunc(c.*) FROM inventory_item c; SELECT c.somefunc FROM inventory_item c;</PRE ><P> </P ><P > This equivalence between functional notation and field notation makes it possible to use functions on composite types to implement <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"computed fields"</SPAN >. An application using the last query above wouldn't need to be directly aware that <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >somefunc</TT > isn't a real column of the table. </P ><DIV CLASS="TIP" ><BLOCKQUOTE CLASS="TIP" ><P ><B >Tip: </B > Because of this behavior, it's unwise to give a function that takes a single composite-type argument the same name as any of the fields of that composite type. If there is ambiguity, the field-name interpretation will be preferred, so that such a function could not be called without tricks. One way to force the function interpretation is to schema-qualify the function name, that is, write <TT CLASS="LITERAL" ><TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >schema</I ></TT >.<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >func</I ></TT >(<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >compositevalue</I ></TT >)</TT >. </P ></BLOCKQUOTE ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="ROWTYPES-IO-SYNTAX" >8.16.6. Composite Type Input and Output Syntax</A ></H2 ><P > The external text representation of a composite value consists of items that are interpreted according to the I/O conversion rules for the individual field types, plus decoration that indicates the composite structure. The decoration consists of parentheses (<TT CLASS="LITERAL" >(</TT > and <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >)</TT >) around the whole value, plus commas (<TT CLASS="LITERAL" >,</TT >) between adjacent items. Whitespace outside the parentheses is ignored, but within the parentheses it is considered part of the field value, and might or might not be significant depending on the input conversion rules for the field data type. For example, in: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >'( 42)'</PRE ><P> the whitespace will be ignored if the field type is integer, but not if it is text. </P ><P > As shown previously, when writing a composite value you can write double quotes around any individual field value. You <SPAN CLASS="emphasis" ><I CLASS="EMPHASIS" >must</I ></SPAN > do so if the field value would otherwise confuse the composite-value parser. In particular, fields containing parentheses, commas, double quotes, or backslashes must be double-quoted. To put a double quote or backslash in a quoted composite field value, precede it with a backslash. (Also, a pair of double quotes within a double-quoted field value is taken to represent a double quote character, analogously to the rules for single quotes in SQL literal strings.) Alternatively, you can avoid quoting and use backslash-escaping to protect all data characters that would otherwise be taken as composite syntax. </P ><P > A completely empty field value (no characters at all between the commas or parentheses) represents a NULL. To write a value that is an empty string rather than NULL, write <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >""</TT >. </P ><P > The composite output routine will put double quotes around field values if they are empty strings or contain parentheses, commas, double quotes, backslashes, or white space. (Doing so for white space is not essential, but aids legibility.) Double quotes and backslashes embedded in field values will be doubled. </P ><DIV CLASS="NOTE" ><BLOCKQUOTE CLASS="NOTE" ><P ><B >Note: </B > Remember that what you write in an SQL command will first be interpreted as a string literal, and then as a composite. This doubles the number of backslashes you need (assuming escape string syntax is used). For example, to insert a <TT CLASS="TYPE" >text</TT > field containing a double quote and a backslash in a composite value, you'd need to write: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >INSERT ... VALUES (E'("\\"\\\\")');</PRE ><P> The string-literal processor removes one level of backslashes, so that what arrives at the composite-value parser looks like <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >("\"\\")</TT >. In turn, the string fed to the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >text</TT > data type's input routine becomes <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >"\</TT >. (If we were working with a data type whose input routine also treated backslashes specially, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >bytea</TT > for example, we might need as many as eight backslashes in the command to get one backslash into the stored composite field.) Dollar quoting (see <A HREF="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-DOLLAR-QUOTING" >Section 4.1.2.4</A >) can be used to avoid the need to double backslashes. </P ></BLOCKQUOTE ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="TIP" ><BLOCKQUOTE CLASS="TIP" ><P ><B >Tip: </B > The <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ROW</TT > constructor syntax is usually easier to work with than the composite-literal syntax when writing composite values in SQL commands. In <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ROW</TT >, individual field values are written the same way they would be written when not members of a composite. </P ></BLOCKQUOTE ></DIV ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="NAVFOOTER" ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"><TABLE SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="arrays.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="index.html" ACCESSKEY="H" >Home</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="rangetypes.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" >Arrays</TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" >Range Types</TD ></TR ></TABLE ></DIV ></BODY ></HTML >
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